Chemistry

a thermodynamic measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, denoted by S

When ice melts into water at a higher temperature, the entropy of the system increases.

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a solution

In saltwater, salt (NaCl) is the solute that dissolves in water, the solvent.

a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) are the reactants that, in the presence of sunlight, produce glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).

(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself

Enzymes are naturally occurring biological catalysts that allow complex metabolic reactions to proceed efficiently in living cells.

the acceleration or facilitation of a chemical reaction by a substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

Enzymatic catalysis plays a key role in biological processes, including the synthesis and breakdown of biomolecules in living organisms.

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

Covalent bonds are like atoms sharing electron hugs to stick together.

any of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and, consequently, different properties

Propanol and isopropanol are isomers, sharing the same molecular formula but differing in the arrangement of their atoms.

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

Polyethylene is a common polymer used in the production of plastic bags, bottles, and various packaging materials.

a molecule that can chemically bond with other molecules to form a polymer

Ethylene is a monomer that polymerizes to form polyethylene, a widely used plastic.

a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes

Methane (CH₄) is the simplest hydrocarbon, belonging to the alkane group.

a chemical compound derived from the reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, typically with the elimination of water

Ethyl acetate, an ester, is commonly used as a solvent in nail polish removers.

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and another carbon atom, commonly found in essential oils and used in various chemical processes

Acetaldehyde is an aldehyde with a fruity odor, often used in the synthesis of chemicals.

any drink that can make people intoxicated, such as wine, beer, etc.

The legal drinking age for purchasing alcohol in many countries is 21.

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, commonly found in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings

Acetone is a common ketone widely used as a solvent and nail polish remover.

a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances

The combustion of wood is an oxidation-reduction reaction where wood undergoes oxidation, producing carbon dioxide and water.

the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L or M)

A solution with a molarity of 0.5 M means there are 0.5 moles of solute in each liter of the solution.

a substance that, when dissolved in a solution, produces ions and enables the conduction of electric current

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a common electrolyte that dissociates into sodium ions (Na⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻) in solution.

a mixture where small particles of one substance are evenly dispersed in another substance, typically intermediate in size between solution and suspension particles

Fog consists of small water droplets dispersed in the air, forming a colloid.

the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction, usually of metals

The pipes in the old house were heavily damaged by corrosion, resulting in leaks throughout the plumbing system.

any water-soluble compound that can turn litmus blue and reacts with an acid to form a salt and water

Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali commonly used in soap making.

a sharp-smelling gas made of nitrogen and hydrogen

Ammonia has a strong, sharp odor that can irritate the eyes and throat.

to combine two or more metals to make a more suitable one

The metallurgist alloyed copper and zinc to produce brass, a durable and corrosion-resistant material.

a type of chemical element found in Group 17 of the periodic table, known for being highly reactive and commonly used in disinfectants and lights

Chlorine is a halogen commonly used in water treatment for its disinfectant properties.

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon, with the former having 6 neutrons and the latter having 8 neutrons.

any of the elements in Group 18 of the periodic table, including helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, characterized by their inert nature and stable electron configurations

Helium, a noble gas, is known for its low density and is often used in balloons to make them float.

a mixture of two liquids where tiny droplets of one are evenly dispersed in the other, like oil in water

Mayonnaise is an example of an emulsion, with oil and vinegar forming a stable mixture through the addition of egg yolk as an emulsifying agent.

the time required for half of a quantity of a substance to undergo a change or decay, typically in the context of radioactive decay or chemical reactions

The half-life of a radioactive isotope determines the time it takes for half of the initial amount to decay into a stable product.

a type of uranium that has most of its more radioactive isotopes removed, primarily used for armor-piercing ammunition and shielding

Depleted uranium is a byproduct of the uranium enrichment process used in nuclear reactors.

a liquid that is capable of dissolving another substance

Ethanol is commonly used as a solvent to dissolve oils and perfume essences for the production of aftershaves and colognes.

the sum of money that needs to be payed for a thing or service

The hotel room charge included breakfast and Wi-Fi access.

a chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidizing agent, typically producing heat and light

The combustion of wood in the fireplace provided warmth and a cozy atmosphere in the living room.