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the rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical
- The Byzantine Iconoclasm of the 8th and 9th centuries was a period of religious controversy and conflict characterized by the destruction of religious images and icons.
- The Protestant Reformation in Europe saw widespread iconoclasm, with Protestant reformers advocating for the removal of religious images and symbols from churches.
- The French Revolution witnessed a wave of iconoclasm as revolutionaries targeted symbols of the monarchy and Catholic Church for destruction.
- The Cultural Revolution in China under Mao Zedong's leadership promoted iconoclasm, aiming to eradicate traditional culture and institutions seen as remnants of the old order.
- The punk movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s embraced a form of cultural iconoclasm, rejecting mainstream norms and values through music, fashion, and lifestyle.