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the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil
- Cartesian dualism, proposed by René Descartes, posits a separation between the mind and the body as two distinct substances.
- Substance dualism holds that the mind and body are composed of different fundamental substances, such as mental and physical substances.
- Epistemological dualism asserts a fundamental distinction between the realms of knowledge, separating subjective experiences from objective reality.
- Dualism in ethics may involve the recognition of two distinct moral principles or systems, such as deontological and consequentialist ethics.
- Gender dualism explores the binary classification of gender roles and identities into male and female categories.