Chemistry

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a solution

In saltwater, salt (NaCl) is the solute that dissolves in water, the solvent.

a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) are the reactants that, in the presence of sunlight, produce glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).

(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself

Enzymes are naturally occurring biological catalysts that allow complex metabolic reactions to proceed efficiently in living cells.

the acceleration or facilitation of a chemical reaction by a substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

Enzymatic catalysis plays a key role in biological processes, including the synthesis and breakdown of biomolecules in living organisms.

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

Covalent bonds are like atoms sharing electron hugs to stick together.

any of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and, consequently, different properties

Propanol and isopropanol are isomers, sharing the same molecular formula but differing in the arrangement of their atoms.

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

Polyethylene is a common polymer used in the production of plastic bags, bottles, and various packaging materials.

a molecule that can chemically bond with other molecules to form a polymer

Ethylene is a monomer that polymerizes to form polyethylene, a widely used plastic.

a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes

Methane (CH₄) is the simplest hydrocarbon, belonging to the alkane group.

a chemical compound derived from the reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, typically with the elimination of water

Ethyl acetate, an ester, is commonly used as a solvent in nail polish removers.

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and another carbon atom, commonly found in essential oils and used in various chemical processes

Acetaldehyde is an aldehyde with a fruity odor, often used in the synthesis of chemicals.

any drink that can make people intoxicated, such as wine, beer, etc.

The legal drinking age for purchasing alcohol in many countries is 21.

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, commonly found in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings

Acetone is a common ketone widely used as a solvent and nail polish remover.

a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances

The combustion of wood is an oxidation-reduction reaction where wood undergoes oxidation, producing carbon dioxide and water.

the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L or M)

A solution with a molarity of 0.5 M means there are 0.5 moles of solute in each liter of the solution.

a substance that, when dissolved in a solution, produces ions and enables the conduction of electric current

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a common electrolyte that dissociates into sodium ions (Na⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻) in solution.

a thermodynamic quantity representing the total heat content of a system, commonly denoted as H

In an exothermic reaction, the enthalpy change (ΔH) is negative, indicating a release of heat to the surroundings.

a thermodynamic measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, denoted by S

When ice melts into water at a higher temperature, the entropy of the system increases.

a mixture where small particles of one substance are evenly dispersed in another substance, typically intermediate in size between solution and suspension particles

Fog consists of small water droplets dispersed in the air, forming a colloid.

the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction, usually of metals

The pipes in the old house were heavily damaged by corrosion, resulting in leaks throughout the plumbing system.

any water-soluble compound that can turn litmus blue and reacts with an acid to form a salt and water

Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali commonly used in soap making.